Explanation:
The picture below shows the comparison between TCP/IP model & OSI model. Notice that
the Internet Layer of TCP/IP is equivalent to the Network Layer which is responsible for
routing decision.

Explanation:
Only router can break up broadcast domains so in the exhibit there are 2 broadcast
domains: from e0 interface to the left is a broadcast domain and from e1 interface to the
right is another broadcast domain ->.
Both router and switch can break up collision domains so there is only 1 collision domain
on the left of the router (because hub doesnt break up collision domain) and there are 6
collision domains on the right of the router (1 collision domain from e1 interface to the
switch + 5 collision domains for 5 PCs in Production) ->.

Explanation:
Modern Ethernet networks built with switches and full-duplex connections no longer utilize
CSMA/CD. CSMA/CD is only used in obsolete shared media Ethernet (which uses repeater
or hub).

Explanation:
Host 1 is trying to communicate with Host 2. The e0 interface on Router C is down. Router
C will send ICMP packets to inform Host 1 that Host 2 cannot be reached.

Explanation:
To elect the root bridge in the LAN, first check the priority value. The switch having the
lowest priority will win the election process. If Priority Value is the same then it checks the
MAC Address; the switch having the lowest MAC Address will become the root bridge. In
this case, switch C has the lowest MAC Address so it becomes the root bridge.

Explanation:
This question is to examine the OSI reference model.
The Application layer is responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of the
intended communication partner and determining whether sufficient resources for the
intended communication exist.

Explanation:
Whereas switches can only examine and forward packets based on the contents of the
MAC header, routers can look further into the packet to discover the network for which a
packet is destined. Routers make forwarding decisions based on the packet's network-
layer header (such as an IPX header or IP header). These network-layer headers contain
source and destination network addresses. Local devices address packets to the router's
MAC address in the MAC header. After receiving the packets, the router must perform the
following steps:
1. Check the incoming packet for corruption, and remove the MAC header. The router
checks the packet for MAC-layer errors. The router then strips off the MAC header and
examines the network-layer header to determine what to do with the packet.
2. Examine the age of the packet. The router must ensure that the packet has not come too
far to be forwarded. For example, IPX headers contain a hop count. By default, 15 hops is
the maximum number of hops (or routers) that a packet can cross. If a packet has a hop
count of 15, the router discards the packet. IP headers contain a Time to Live (TTL) value.
Unlike the IPX hop count, which increments as the packet is forwarded through each
router, the IP TTL value decrements as the IP packet is forwarded through each router. If
an IP packet has a TTL value of 1, the router discards the packet. A router cannot
decrement the TTL value to 1 and then forward the packet.
3. Determine the route to the destination. Routers maintain a routing table that lists
available networks, the direction to the desired network (the outgoing interface number),
and the distance to those networks. After determining which direction to forward the packet,
the router must build a new header. (If you want to read the IP routing tables on a Windows
95/98 workstation, type ROUTE PRINT in the DOS box.)
4. Build the new MAC header and forward the packet. Finally, the router builds a new MAC
header for the packet. The MA

Explanation:
A router on a stick allows you to use sub-interfaces to create multiple logical networks on a
single physical interface.

Explanation:
FTP belongs to Application layer and it is also the highest layer of the OSI model.

Explanation:
The Data Link layer provides the physical transmission of the data and handles error
notification, network topology, and flow control. The Data Link layer formats the message
into pieces, each called a data frame, and adds a customized header containing the
hardware destination and source address. Protocols Data Unit (PDU) on Datalink layer is
called frame. According to this question the frame is damaged and discarded which will
happen at the Data Link layer.

Explanation:
The transport layer segments data into smaller pieces for transport. Each segment is
assigned a sequence number, so that the receiving device can reassemble the data on
arrival.
The transport layer also use flow control to maximize the transfer rate while minimizing the
requirements to retransmit. For example, in TCP, basic flow control is implemented by
acknowledgment by the receiver of the receipt of data; the sender waits for this
acknowledgment before sending the next part.
The Network layer (Layer 3) has two key responsibilities. First, this layer controls the logical
addressing of devices. Second, the network layer determines the best path to a particular
destination network, and routes the data appropriately.

Explanation:
While transferring data through many different networks, the source and destination IP
addresses are not changed. Only the source and destination MAC addresses are changed.
So in this case Host A will use the IP address of Host C and the MAC address of E0
interface to send data. When the router receives this data, it replaces the source MAC
address with its own E1 interfaces MAC address and replaces the destination MAC
address with Host Cs MAC address before sending to Host C.

Explanation:
CSU/DSU is used to convert digital signals from a router to a network circuit such as a T1,
while a modem is used to convert digital signals over a regular POTS line.